Debussy and Impressionism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Debussy and Impressionism - Research Paper Example The paper "Debussy and Impressionism" explores Debussy's art and his influence of impressionism movement. Yet in a letter to his friend Arthur Hartmann he writes, â€Å"I became lost in my impressions, dazed in my emotions†. In denying the influence of impressionism on his work Debussy may have been reacting to early negative critical reviews of the impressionist movement in general. Today, perhaps, he might have been pleased to be included. Using two works, Monet’s Impression, Sunrise and Debussy’s Printemps, this essay explores the relationship between the two and offers evidence to support the notion that Debussy, despite protestations to the contrary, was indeed an impressionist. The Impressionism period covers approximately two decades from the late 1860s through the 1880s. The movement, originating in France in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, developed in response to the French Academy of Fine Arts and its narrow, overbearing and restrictive rul es as to what did or did not constitute art. A group of painters who became known as the Impressionists [not a compliment in those days] felt strongly about securing independence from these restrictive standards and the dictates of its annual official art exhibition, The Salon. The term impressionist was first used by French art critic Louis Leroy in 1874 in response to Monet's painting Impression, that will play an intrinsic role in the comparisons between Debussy as an impressionist and the artistic impressionists of the time.

Symbolism in Hardys Essay Example for Free

Symbolism in Hardys Essay Symbolism in Hardys Far from the madding crowd Hardy uses striking symbolism in the novel Far from the madding crowd to serve his purposes and attain the desired effects on the reader. The memorable descriptions of the great barn, the sword play and the storm-are all enriched with eloquent symbolism. It makes the events vivid before us and broadens the scope of the novel. In the opening chapters, Gabriel spies on Bathsheba ridiculously from behind a hedge, commenting on her vanity. He beholds Bathsheba though a hole, tending her aunts cows, in a birds eye view. From the loopholes of his hut, he watches her engaging in tomboyish antics on her horse. All these symbolize Gabriels limited view point and his candid nature. In chapter 2 ,, Hardy presents a magnificent description of Norcombe hill. The stately progress of the earth is contrasted to oaks special power of quiet energy. The innocent and helpless stirrings of the new-born lamb and the movements of the stars and the earth are contrasted to symbolize the frailty of human existence. In chapter 5, The landscape of Norcombe Hill seems symbolize Gabriels utter despair. The moon takes the form of an attenuated skeleton and the pool shimmers like ahead mans eye-nature seems to intertwine with Gabriels despair. Against the colorless background of the river and the wall. Fanny is contrasted as a mere shade upon the earth. This symbolizes her nullity and despair. Hardy also uses the framing device to symbolize Fannys weakness. She gazes up to converse with Troy framed in a window of his barracks . The white color of the snow mixing with the sky symbolizes the obsession of Boldwoods passion . The queer preternatural inversion of light and shade reflects the absurdity of his intense emotional state. The sheep-shearing scene at the barn abounds in rich symbolism. The shearing operations that have not been mutilated for long years are contrasted to the adapted to changes coming to the lives of the main characters of the novel. The detailed descriptions of the activities done in the great barn for each sheep symbolizes the declining prospects of Oak, the rising hopes of Boldwoods mind and the comments made by the rustics -all basing on the same lady. There is also sexual symbolism in this same chapter. The appalled ewe is subdued by Oak and Bathsheba regards the ewes sheared pink skin resembles a lady who blushes at the insult . the ewe emerging from the its fleece is compared to the Goddess of love which symbolizes the sexual intensity of Oaks violent passion. Gabriel, piqued by Bathshebas growing intimacy with Boldwood, injures a sheep in the groin-the entire scene symbolizes Oaks harmful sexual impulses toward Bathsheba. Troys spur entangles with Bathshebas dress-it symbolizes the trap of flattery which would be prepared by Troy for her. The spur is the symbol of sex and the dress of Bathsheba is a symbol of femininity -the male aggressive masculinity has trapped femininity. However, the scene of the sword play contains the greatest symbolism in the novel. The hollow in which the sword play is performed evokes the sexual potential of the relationship between Troy and Bathsheba. The setting is described with rich feminine imagery that sets up the erotic tone of the entire tone of the entire scene while Bathsheba herself is passionately excited . Time and place are made clear at once and so is Bathshebas desire for male domination . The sword is used here as a symbol of male virility . At different points ,Hardy uses striking imagery to link man and sword -Troy raises the sword amid the fading sunlight , which gleamed a sort of greeting, like a living thing Troy is methodical and controlled ,the whole atmosphere is turned meteoric and charged . Troy demonstrates the murderous and blood-thirsty cuts of which the sword is capable . Then he splits a caterpillar upon her bosom which glisten towards her bosom and ,seemingly entered it . Troy wins and Bathsheba is quite overcome having her passions spent . Troy takes off her lock of hair as a trophy. Troy departs in a flash , like a brand . The simile symbolizes the harmful nature of the passion he has aroused. The storm scene in chapter 36-38 contain rich symbolism. The flashes symbolize the blinding truth of Bathshebas predicament and her womanish folly. But the relation between her and Oak strengthens as the thatch begins to conceals the Ricks. And when the storm comes, it is described with extended imagery ,the mailed army of lightning springs like a serpent , with the shout of a fiend . Hardy uses such imagery to convey the forces of nature hostile to human beings . The scene of chapter 44 is significant as it indicates Bathshebas return to the same hollow where sword-play was performed by Troy. The aforesaid hollow is now turned into a malignant swamp. The swamp is the symbol of utter despair into which Bathsheba has fallen . The symbolism goes far deeper as Bathsheba had seen the place before when she was captivated by Troy at the sword play. At that time , the ferns were soft , feathery arms caressing her feet but now they are withering fast and the hollow is a nursery of pestilences . The two different states of the hollow reflects the two opposing states of mind and suggests the outcome of marriage with Troy . Now she has understood the implications of her marriage and she herself and Nature are fused as the leaves rush away in the breeze. This symbolizes Nature as a stark force and implies that the parallel between Nature and human mood should not be pursued by man.

Energy Alternatives: Oil Essay -- Iraq Oil War Energy Essays Papers

Energy Alternatives: Oil Every day the world burns more that 80 million barrels of oil. By 2016, estimates believe that oil consumption will rise to around 100 millions barrels a day. (Oil Facts) The United States was responsible for 25% of the world oil consumption in 2002, and those numbers are rising. (Oil Demand) As demands increase and the supplies of oil continue a rapid depletion, large political powers in the US struggle to keep their heads afloat. Many conspiracy theories have dabbled in the pool of scandal within the Whitehouse’s knowledge of September 11 before it happened, and George W. Bush’s master plan to wage a â€Å"War on Terror†, with a backdrop of draining the last of the oil supplies from the mid-East. Every conspiracy theory needs to be taken with a grain of salt, but it is important to remember our past. It was only until long after the Vietnam war that people were told of the pre-knowledge of utter lack of any possibility for them to win the war, yet officials still pressured our armies into Vietnam until near extinction. In 50 years, we will all know the real deal behind September 11th and George Bush’s strong motives to pursue the War on Terror (even when the rest of the world advices against it.) The US is a country with one of the most unhealthiest addictions possible: oil. Just as a heroine addict who is running low on fixes, the US is running low on supplies, and drastic, unwise measures are being taken in order to sustain this addiction for just a bit longer. This enters the Enron-Cheney-Taliban Connection, which has startling information that aligns a bit of history prior to September 11. The mother of all oil support and scandal rests with Enron, however, witho... ...ependency on the mid-East, bring our troops home, and make for a better future for our children. â€Å"Is the White House covering up that it was molding foreign policy as well as energy policy to suit Enron? Did the Bush Administration know that Enron's collapse was coming as early as August? If any of these are true, the largest bankruptcy in American history may well connect with the greatest political scandal in American history.† (Callari) Bibliographies: Callari. The Enron-Cheney-Taliban Connection. 28 Feb 2002. 14 Feb 2007. Albion Monitor. Oil Demand. 2006. 14 Feb. 2007. Interesting Oil Industry Statistics. Oil: Facts Behind the Fiction. 25 May 2006. 14 Feb. 2007. BBC News.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Chaunticleer :: Chaucer Canterbury Tales

Canterbury Tales - Chaunticleer In the book Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer, gives us a stunning tale about a rooster named Chaunticleer. Chaunticleer, who is the King of his domain in his farmland kingdom. Like a King, he quotes passages from intellectuals, dreams vivid dreams, has a libido that runs like a bat out of hell, and is described as a very elegant looking Rooster. He has every characteristic of a person belonging to the upper class. Chaucer's hidden meanings and ideas make us think that the story is about roosters and farm animals, but in reality he is making the Aristocracy of his time period the subject of his mockery by making the reader realize how clueless the Aristocracy can be to the way things are in the real World. Chaucer describes Chaunticleer in many different ways. One of them is his language. Chaunticleer's language is that of a scholar. He quotes many different scriptures in a conversation with Pertelote, such as, Saint Kenelm, Daniel and Joseph (from the bible), and Croesus. From eac h author he tells a story about an individual who had a vision in a dream and the dream came true. He may have been making all the stories up in order to win the argument with Pertelote, but, this seems unlikely because he does not take heed to his own advice and stay away from the fox that encounters him later. He is educated enough to know these supposed quotations but not intelligent enough to understand the real meaning of them. It is if he simply brings because they help him win the argument with his spouse and not because he actually believes what they say. Chaucer is using the idea that the Aristocracy has schooling throughout their childhood, but it is only done to have seemingly important but empty conversations. His physical appearance is also described with such beautiful passion that it makes us think Chaunticleer is heaven on earth. "His comb was redder than fine coral, and crenellated like a castle wall; his bill was black and shone like jet; his legs and toes were lik e azure; his nails whiter than lily; and his color like the burnished gold." Chaucer describes Chaunticleer as the quintessential Cock, so perfect that his description is no longer believable when we realize he is describing a Rooster. Chaucer is setting up Chaunticleer to be as regal and grandiose as a King.

Proprietary Estoppel Essay

â€Å"In Thorner –v- Major, the House of Lords confirmed that a claimant seeking to establish a proprietary estoppel must prove three things: (1) that the defendant’s assurances or conduct in relation to identified property were sufficiently clear and unambiguous in all the circumstances, (2) to lead the claimant reasonably to rely on those assurances or conduct; (3) by acting significantly to his detriment, so that it would be unconscionable for the defendant to deny him any remedy.† (Per Hayton and Mitchell: ‘Commentary and cases on the law of Trust and Equitable Remedies’, 13th edition, Sweet and Maxwell, page 78) Critically analyse and evaluate this statement in light of recent developments in the law of proprietary estoppel. Despite the lack of a definitive formulation, it is widely accepted that the elements of assurance, reliance and detriment must be present in order to found a claim of proprietary estoppel . The doctrine has however been widely criticised for being too flexible and uncertain. The main cause of this uncertainty is the lack of clarity surrounding the role of unconscionability. It has been stated that unconscionability is â€Å"at the heart of the doctrine,† and yet there is â€Å"little guidance as to what it means, little explanation of why it is at the centre and thus virtually no consideration of the role it might play in providing both a justification for, and a limitation on, successful estoppels† . Commentators have largely agreed that there is a â€Å"need to develop clear parameters for the operation of the doctrine, else it really will be a discretionary panacea for all ills whose application is unpredictable and uncertain. Prior to Thorner v Major [2009] and Cobbe v Yeoman’s Row Management Ltd [2008] it had been 142 years since a case of proprietary estoppel had reached the House of Lords. Therefore it was hoped that these cases would give the judiciary a long awaited opportunity to clarify the doctrine. In Cobbe Lord Walker stated that â€Å"Equitable estoppel†¦is not a sort of joker or wild card to be used whenever the court disapproves of the conduct of a litigant who seems to have the law on his side. Flexible though it is, the doctrine must be formulated and applied in a disciplined and principled way.† The House of Lords appeared determined to address the criticisms and it was hoped that they were about to define and clarify the doctrine, especially the role of unconscionability. Lord Scott, who gave the leading judgement, stated that unconscionability alone is never enough to found a claim of proprietary estoppel. â€Å"To treat a ‘proprietary estoppel equity’ as requiring neither a proprietary claim by the claimant nor an estoppel against the defendant but simply unconscionable behaviour is, in my respectful opinion, a recipe for confusion†. Lord Walker addressed the uncertainty over whether unconscionability is a separate element, by stating that â€Å"unconscionability†¦ does in my opinion play a very important part in the doctrine of equitable estoppel, in unifying and confirming, as it were, the other elements. If the other elements appear to be present but the result does not shock the conscience of the court, the analysis needs to be looked at again† . These emphatic statements confirmed that unconscionability alone is insufficient to give rise to a claim of proprietary estoppel and that the traditional elements must always be present. It is suggested however that these pronouncements did very little in practice to define or clarify the concept. The modern approach to proprietary estoppel which began with Taylor Fashions Ltd v Liverpool Victoria Trustees Co Ltd [1982] adopted a â€Å"broad test of whether in the circumstances the conduct complained of is unconscionable without the necessity of forcing those incumbrances into a Procrustean bed constructed from some unalterable criteria.† Despite this statement the judgement in Taylor Fashions did not rely on unconscionability alone. The court required the three traditional elements to be present, albeit adopting a new claimant centred approach to establishing them. Therefore the statements in Cobbe regarding unconscionability are uncontroversial and do not significantly alter its position within the doctrine. The judgement in Cobbe was regarded as a severe curtailment of the doctrine and was believed to have greatly narrowed the scope of its operation. It was even thought that it had led to the ‘the death of proprietary estoppel’ This was not due to the outcome of the case, but due to the controversial reasoning behind this decision. Lord Scott attempted to rein in the doctrine by focusing on the traditional elements of proprietary estoppel and restricting the doctrine via their operation. He focused on the assurance or representation element, which requires that the claimant must have been led to believe that he has or he will acquire an interest in the defendant’s land. He stated that the required assurance was of a ‘certain interest’ and this meant that the claimant must specify the interest in the property he believed he had or would have. Cobbe dealt with a case of proprietary estoppel in a commercial context. Therefore Mr Cobbe’s â€Å"was not an expectation that he would, if the planning application succeeded, become entitled to â€Å"a certain interest in land† but an expectation â€Å"of further negotiations leading, as he hoped and expected, to a formal contract† . Lord Scott stated that this was not â€Å"the sort of expectation of ‘a certain interest in land’ that Oliver J in the Taylors Fashions case or Lord Kingsdown in Ramsden v Dyson had in mind† and so the claim failed. This requirement for a specific assurance narrowed the scope of operation of the doctrine and was inconsistent with previous Court of Appeal decisions such as Gillett v Holt and Jennings v Rice where a claimant had an expectation of a future interest in land. Lord Walker further restricted the doctrine by stating that the claimant must believe â€Å"that the assurance on which he or she relied was binding and irrevocable†. Therefore the claimant must not only believe that the landowner has made a promise, but also believe that the promise is legally binding. He made it clear that context was important. â€Å"In the domestic or family context, the typical claimant is not a business person and is not receiving legal advice†¦The focus is not on intangible legal rights but on the tangible property which he or she expects to get.† As the parties involved in Cobbe were â€Å"persons experienced in the property world, both parties knew that there was no legally binding contract, and that either was therefore free to discontinue the negotiations without legal liability†¦the fact is that he ran a commercial risk, with his eyes open† This restriction is also inconsistent with Gillett v Holt which â€Å"explicitly addressed, and rejected, the notion that the revocability of wills prevents a promise to make a will forming the basis of a proprietary estoppel claim.† Surprisingly it was Lord Walker who gave the leading judgement in that case and acknowledged here that â€Å"It may possibly be that some of the domestic cases might have been decided differently if the nature of the claimant’s belief had been an issue vigorously investigated in cross-examination.† Thus casting doubt on previous court of appeal authorities relating to testamentary promises . The reasoning in Cobbe left the doctrine in an uncertain position and â€Å"If taken literally, this reformulation would have curtailed the reach of estoppel, and perhaps that was the point†. Thorner v Major gave the House of Lords a chance to address these uncertainties and a further opportunity to clarify the doctrine definitively via the role of unconscionability. From the beginning the Lords made it clear that the decision in Cobbe had not â€Å"severely curtailed, or even virtually extinguished, the doctrine of proprietary estoppel (a rather apocalyptic view that has been suggested by some commentators).† Thorner dealt with proprietary estoppel in the domestic context. One cousin had worked unpaid on the other’s farm for nearly 30 years on the understanding that he would inherit the farm on his cousin’s death. The cousin died intestate and the claim of proprietary estoppel had been rejected by the Court of Appeal. One reason given for this failure was that the extent of the farm had fluctuated in the preceding years and so the interest the claimant expected to receive was not a sufficiently ‘certain interest’ as required following Cobbe. The Lords in Thorner made it clear that â€Å"the reasoning in Cobbe’s case†¦was directed to the unusual facts of that case† and that in Cobbe â€Å"there was no doubt about the physical identity of the property. However, there was total uncertainty as to the†¦property interest†¦In this case†¦there is†¦no doubt as to what was the subject of the assurance, namely the farm as it existed from time to time. Accordingly, the nature of the interest to be received by David was clear: it was the farm as it existed on Peter’s death. They confirmed that the assurances â€Å"should relate to identified property owned (or, perhaps, about to be owned) by the defendant.† and that â€Å"It would represent a regrettable and substantial emasculation of the beneficial principle of proprietary estoppel if it were artificially fettered so as to require the precise extent of the property the subject of the alleged estoppel to be strictly defined in every case.† Context is vital, whereas a specific certainty may be required in a commercial situation, this will not necessarily be required in a domestic context. The Court of Appeal had also required that the nature of the assurance be â€Å"clear and unequivocal† . This test for clarity of assurance was that required in promissory estoppel, and may have been adopted here due to the conflation of the two forms of estoppel by Lord Scott in Cobbe . The parties in Thorner were â€Å"taciturn and undemonstrative men† and the assurances mainly consisted of â€Å"oblique remarks† and therefore it was held that these assurances lacked the requisite certainty. The House of Lords loosened this restriction stating that â€Å"I would prefer to say †¦that to establish a proprietary estoppel the relevant assurance must be clear enough. What amounts to sufficient clarity, in a case of this sort, is hugely dependent on context† . As â€Å"the relationship between Peter and David was familial and personal, and neither of them†¦had much commercial experience†¦Peter made what were, in the circumstances, clear and unambiguous assurances that he would leave his farm to David, and David reasonably relied on, and reasonably acted to his detriment on the basis of, those assurances, over a long period.† The House of Lords had made it abundantly clear once again that everything is dependent on context. In a domestic context such as Thorner an oblique assurance may be ‘clear enough’ even though a commercial case such as in Cobbe may require a much more specific assurance. Lord Walker also rejected Lord Scott’s characterisation of estoppel â€Å"I have some difficulty with Lord Scott’s observation†¦that proprietary estoppel is a sub-species of promissory estoppel.† The House of Lord’s in Thorner also clarified that the correct approach for landowner’s intention was an objective test and that it was â€Å"enough that the meaning he conveyed would reasonably have been understood as intended to be taken seriously as an assurance which could be relied upon†¦It is not necessary that Peter should have known or foreseen the particular act of reliance†. The House of Lords allowed the proprietary estoppel claim to succeed even tho ugh there was no evidence that the claimant believed that the assurance was legally binding, therefore also rejecting Lord Walker’s restriction in Cobbe. Thorner had maintained a flexible approach to proprietary estoppel making it clear that everything was â€Å"hugely dependent on context†, re-affirming the holistic approach found in Gillett that â€Å"in the end the court must look at the matter in the round.† Lord Neuberger stated that â€Å"it appears to me unlikely in the extreme that Lord Scott was intending impliedly to disapprove any aspect of the reasoning or decision of the Court of Appeal in Gillett’s case† Thorner effectively placed the doctrine back in the position it stood before Cobbe. It was said that the decision in Thorner had â€Å"brought proprietary estoppel back from the brink. The apocalypse†¦has been averted and proprietary estoppel can continue to function as an independent source of rights. It can thus perform its vital role as a broad and flexible doctrine.† Thorner has clarified some of the uncertainties surrounding the traditional elements of proprietary estoppel that had been raised in Cobbe and followed in the Court of Appeal. It returned the formulation to a flexible and broad definition requiring ‘identifiable property’ that the assurance must be â€Å"in the circumstances, clear and unambiguous† and that the assurance must â€Å"reasonably have been understood as intended to be taken seriously as an assurance which could be relied upon. Thorner did not however say anything regarding role of unconscionability, only affirming the uncontroversial position taken by Cobbe, whilst confirming the flexibility of the doctrine. â€Å"Concentrating on the perceived morality of the parties’ behaviour can lead to an unacceptable degree of uncertainty of outcome, and hence I welcome the decision in Cobbe’s case†¦However, it is equally true that focussing on technicalities can lead to a degree of strictness inconsistent with the fundamental aims of equity† . Some commentators believe that this was an opportunity missed as â€Å"Lord Scott may have chosen the wrong train to ride in Yeoman’s Row, but it is not clear that he chose the wrong destination† Defining ‘unconscionability’ is a difficult task and commentators have their own competing theories. Dixon believes that â€Å"an estoppel is made out when a landowner makes a ‘double assurance’ – an assurance that the claimant will have some right over the representor’s land†¦combined with an assurance that the right will ensue even if the formalities necessary to convey that right are not complied with†¦Unconscionability exists when a ‘formality assurance’ is withdrawn after detrimental reliance † Balen and Knowles believe that â€Å"this â€Å"extra ingredient†, for so long described as â€Å"unconscionability†, requires the court to ask whether the basis, or condition, on which the claimant incurred her detriment has failed.† There is no consensus as to how unconscionability should be defined only that it should. It may be that the judiciary have missed an opportunity to clarify the doctrine or it could be that they have no desire to â€Å"define unconscionability and thereby limit the application of the doctrine†¦Uncertainty can be a benefit as well as a burden, and while unconscionability of itself cannot generate an estoppel, the claim can be denied despite t he presence of an assurance, reliance and detriment by judicious deployment of the ‘unconscionability’ card†.

How to Describe Gibberish

How to Describe Gibberish How to Describe Gibberish How to Describe Gibberish By Maeve Maddox The recent post on greeking prompted a reader to remark: And, of course, theres Double Dutch. Where did that come from? Double Dutch is another expression meaning â€Å"incomprehensible speech.† The â€Å"Dutch† refers to the idea that a foreign language is incomprehensible to one who hasn’t learned it. The â€Å"double† is an intensifier. â€Å"Double Dutch† is a language twice as difficult to understand as â€Å"plain ‘Dutch’†. Here are some more nouns to express the idea of unintelligible vocalization that is either entirely unintelligible, or which may be understandable on some level, but makes no sense, or is inconsequential. babble: probably an imitative word suggesting baby talk. I used to think it came from the story of the Tower of Babel, but apparently no etymological connection can be traced. The meaning â€Å"to repeat oneself incoherently† is known from about 1418. balderdash: originally referred to a jumbled mix of liquors, for example milk and beer or beer and wine. In 1674 it meant â€Å"senseless jumble of words.† baloney: originated as American slang word meaning â€Å"nonsense.† Could be from bologna, but could also have derived from blarney. bilge: â€Å"stupid talk or writing† The bilge is the â€Å"lowest internal part of a ship.† A lot of nasty stuff accumulates there. blather: â€Å"nonsensical talk† May have come into English via Scots dialect from a Scandinavian word meaning â€Å"babble.† bull: Most of us probably think of â€Å"bull† as short for â€Å"bullshit,† but bull with the meaning â€Å"trivial or false statements,† has been around since Middle English. The ME word probably derived from French boul meaning â€Å"false talk, fraud.† It may be connected to modern Icelandic bull meaning â€Å"nonsense.† Bullshit is American slang dating from 1915 with the meaning â€Å"eloquent and insincere rhetoric.† bunk: another American slang word meaning â€Å"nonsense.† It originated in 1847 with a politician from North Carolina who explained that his boring speeches in Congress were intended to impress his constituents â€Å"back home in Buncombe.† The spelling quickly became bunkum and has dwindled into bunk. drivel: â€Å"stupid or senseless talk.† This one comes from OE dreflian, â€Å"to dribble or run at the nose.† eyewash: â€Å"blarney, humbug.† According to the OnlineEtymologyDictionary, this expression is chiefly British, is perhaps from the notion of something intended to obscure or conceal facts or true motives. But this, and expression my eye also may be the verbal equivalent of the wink that indicates one doesnt believe what has been said (cf. Fr. mon oeil in same sense, accompanied by a knowing pointing of a finger to the eye). gibberish: probably another imitative word suggesting the sound of chatter. Gibberish is totally unintelligible. gobbledygook: â€Å"unclear, wordy jargon.† This is another word we owe to the sphere of politics. In another post I mentioned the eponym â€Å"maverick† that comes from the surname of rancher Samuel Maverick (1803-1870). The word gobbledygook was coined in 1944 by one of his grandsons, Texas representative Maury Maverick. In a memo dated March 30, 1944, he banned the use of â€Å"gobbledygook language† and threatened to shoot anyone who used the words activation or implementation. He said he based the word on the sound a turkey makes. guff: â€Å"empty talk, nonsense.† This is another word of imitative origin, possibly based on puff. hogwash: â€Å"worthless, false or ridiculous speech or writing.† Originally hogwash was slops fed to pigs. Then it came to mean cheap liquor. The meaning â€Å"inferior writing† dates from 1773. jargon: The word entered English with the meaning â€Å"unintelligible talk, gibberish† in 1340. It derives from a French word meaning â€Å"a chattering of birds.† Now it can mean technical terminology associated with a specific occupation. Practitioners understand jargon, but to those not in the know, its gibberish. mumbo jumbo: â€Å"unintelligible or incomprehensible language.† The term is supposed to derive from an African idol in the Niger region, but no likely source has been found. The meaning â€Å"big, empty talk† is documented from 1896. piffle: â€Å"foolish or futile talk or ideas.† Probably an imitative word derived from a contemptuous blowing sound, or it could be a conflation of trifle and piddle. poppycock: â€Å"senseless talk, nonsense.† This one sounds comical, but if you think about it, it’s as disgusting as bilge: 1865, probably from Du. dialect pappekak, from M.Du. pappe soft dung (see pap) + kak dung, from L. cacare to excrete. OnlineEtymologyDictionary. prattle: â€Å"idle or meaningless chatter.† This is another imitative word. The verb is prate. tripe: â€Å"something of no value.† The literal meaning of tripe is the rubbery lining of the stomach of cattle or other ruminants, used as food. Answers.com twaddle: â€Å"silly talk.† The origin is unknown. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 10145 Synonyms for â€Å"Old† and â€Å"Old-Fashioned†How Many Sentences in a Paragraph?

Women in society Essay Example

Women in society Essay Example Women in society Essay Women in society Essay OPINION ESSAY Although the position of women in society today has improved, there is still a great deal of sexual discrimination. Do you agree? Throughout this century, the role of women within society has changed for the better. More women work than ever before, and it is accepted in Western culture that many women now have careers. However, in my opinion there is still a great deal of sexual discrimination against women within society. To begin with, many women find it very difficult to return to work after having children. The main reason for this is that there are rarely any provisions for childcare n the workplace and, in these cases, women are forced to find someone to look after the children while they are at work. Obviously, this can be a time-consuming and expensive process. Moreover, the traditional views of the position of women within society have not really changed in many countries. The view that women should stay at home and look after their family is still widely held, and it is reinforced through images seen on television programmes and advertisements. For example, in many countries few men are seen doing housework on television, since this is traditionally considered a womans Job. Thirdly, families often need two incomes in order to enjoy a good standard of living, so a woman finds herself doing two Jobs: one at home and one at the office. So, we could say that womens position has deteriorated rather than improved. To sum up, I would say that the position of women has improved only slightly. While rules and laws have changed, the deep-rooted opinions of people within society are taking a longer time to evolve. In conclusion, attitudes have changed, but sexual discrimination still remains a problem which we all need to face and fght against. (279 words)

Concept Of Poverty And Poverty Alleviation Social Work Essay Essays

Concept Of Poverty And Poverty Alleviation Social Work Essay Essays Concept Of Poverty And Poverty Alleviation Social Work Essay Essay Concept Of Poverty And Poverty Alleviation Social Work Essay Essay Chapter 2: Literature reappraisal 2.1 Concept of poorness and poorness relief Poverty is defined in different footings and it is hard to hold an exact definition of it. The UN ( United Nations ) defines poorness as a denial of picks and chances, a misdemeanor of human self-respect ( Langmore 2000: 37 ) . It means lack willingness and chance to take part efficaciously in society. UN besides relate poorness to deficiency of income to enable endurance, societal favoritisms that the hapless face, and by denial of chances, it means that they are denied to take part in determination devising of society ( UN, 1995: Para. 19 ) . In the Beijing declaration it was mentioned how poorness is characterized: deficiency of engagement in societal and cultural life, this occurs in many developing states organizing pockets of poorness: parts where hapless lives. A hapless is non hapless because of deficiency of engagement in civil society but besides due to economic jobs such as recession which prevent people below the poorness line from holding a nice life. Sen. ( 1981 ) , who is a celebrated research worker on the topic of poorness, explains poorness as the deficiency of basic demands indispensable for endurance and fails to take part in societal and economic activities. Poverty can be categorized into two that is absolute poorness and comparative poorness. Absolute poorness refers to a state of affairs where an person is unable to fulfill his basic demands that are nutrient, shelter and vesture and wellness. Peter Townsend ( 1979 ) defines comparative poorness as a state of affairs where an single criterion of life is below the degree that they are unable to bask normal manner of life ( Reporting poorness in the UK P 15 ) . It is more about criterion of life where there is an single possess a large Villa, new trade name auto, high income whereas another 1 is at medium degree and can at least fulfill his basic demands and remain healthy. Poverty relief takes topographic point by initialising schemes which aim at cut downing poorness ; these schemes are set up by the Government with the aid of Non-Governmental organisations which participate in the combat to relieve poorness. They take inducements to aim vulnerable groups through family study statistics and so convey alterations to better cater for the hapless. A poorness relief programme is so introduced and it includes authorization of adult females through instruction, consciousness programmes, economic development and income redistribution, and besides through little and average endeavors by supplying entree to finance through micro recognition strategies that is recognition system ( loans and nest eggs ) installations which are offered by Bankss are accessible to the needy. 2.1 Womans and poorness in Mauritius Mauritius is ranked 1st in Mo Ibrahim categorization for good administration among 57 other African states. This shows that there has been progress in footings of economic development, even life anticipation, birth rates, literacy rate among grownups and income distribution have progressed. But study conducted by the Ministry of Finance has shown that the figure of hapless below poorness line keeps increasing. It is noted Mauritius does non hold a poorness line as such but there indexs that shows who are the hapless. Poverty line can be absolute and comparative ; absolute poorness line is the cost of basic necessities of family including nutrient, lodging, vesture and wellness. Relative poorness line is more about income between lower and higher groups. But in Mauritius, there is no poorness line that is why the HBS ( family budget studies ) is used to specify who the hapless are. This study is conducted every 2 old ages, to update informations about ingestion form of Mauritians and aim vulnerable groups. .Therefore a family with income below Rs 3,821 is considered as hapless, as per HBS in the poorness analysis of 2006/07 ( CSO 2007 ) . In Mauritius, there are 652,300 more adult females and 633,700 work forces from the 1,286,000 entire populations. Therefore there are 18,600 more adult females compared to work forces ( ESI 2011:2 ) . But Mauritius is a really patriarchal society when adult females function is more linked to the place and the household instead than work, political relations and determination devising for the state. Another ground for poorness is the job of low income ; adult females are given really few chances to instruction, preparations and occupation chances and are largely engaged in Epz sectors. Without an equal income, it is hard to fulfill day-to-day basic demands of the household. Womans are restricted in political relations because it is considered as a male duty ; adult females are left beside, closed up in their housewife/mother function. Men still decline to accept that adult females are capable of better than them in certain activities ; they reject the fact that adult females achieve s uccess, are good educated and occupy high position at work with high wage. That is why there are many instances of domestic force and colza on adult females ; work forces feel inferior and are losing their function of commanding everything ( IFAD ) .Women are more likely to confront poorness than work forces ; a study of the CSO showed that 8.9 % of adult females compared to 8.1 % of work forces live in comparative poorness in 2009. There is a spread in income between male and female employee merely Rs 7,100 for female and Rs 12, 330 for male ( ESI 2010:11 ) . 2.3 Womans and micro-credit In the 1800 s, Lysander Spooner found out that supplying recognition installations to little famers was really successful that where came the new term micro-credit today, hapless population have accessed to loans and payment installations. In 1976, Muhammad Yanus ( victor of the Nobel Prize in 2006 ) created micro-credit installations in the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh. At first it was merely meant to measure the installations which can be provided to the hapless but subsequently proved to be a cardinal tool to cut down poorness. This was followed by the United Nations declaring the twelvemonth 2005 as the international twelvemonth of Micro-credit with five chief ends among which were to advance part of micro-credit installations and enable handiness to these installations. Micro-credit has been proved to advance societal development and a tool to fight against poorness in both developed and developing states ( Da Silva et Al. 2007 ) . MFI studies showed that 70 % of adult females are donees of micro-credit loans, this give an overview of adult females exposure and how they consider micro-credit loans as a manner to acquire out of poorness. One chief inquiry is raised: Why adult females? Evidence have showed that adult females are the 1s who are less paid and work in secondary sectors where they are at hazard and do non hold benefits compared to work forces in society ( ILO 2008 ) . Women face excessively many inequalities such as unemployment and favoritisms based on gender, it has to be noted that Mauritius gender statistics showed that we are ranked 63rdA out of 146 states on the Gender Inequality Index of the UN ( CSO 2011 ) . That is why micro-credit strategy has been introduced to advance entree to resources such as land and substructure and besides entree to recognition installations. Besides Micro-credit programme besides include preparation of adult females so that become independent and confident in their concern ( CIDA 1995:11 ) . Micro-credit aid adult females to better their income family and construct a safety-net which procure them and cut down their exposure to fall into traps of poverty. , they become m ore mature to cover with issues of their concern and do their ain determination and picks ( Mends 2000 ) . 2.4 Role of the authorities and different organic structures concerned After the acme of Micro-finance in 1997, the authorities of Mauritius proposed activities to cut down poorness. Among them was debut of micro-credit strategies which provide little loans to the hapless so that they can lift up from their hapless state of affairs. Among them was debut of micro-credit strategies which provide little loans to the hapless so that they can lift up from their hapless state of affairs. A directory of micro-entrepreneurs has been set up to set up a connexion with the mass population to increase consciousness of this programme and aim more vulnerable groups. There are other organic structures like the Small and Medium endeavors ( SME ) , Development Bank of Mauritius ( DBM ) , Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority ( SMEDA ) , National Empowerment Foundation ( NEF ) which are under the auspices of the Ministry of Gender Equality, kid development and household public assistance and Ministry of. The function of the SMEDA is to advance societal and economic development of little and average endeavors ( SMEs ) through support to new enterprisers. It is a organic structure with provide preparation, reding and support on concern and selling for those willing to get down in handcrafts, farm animal, agribusiness and so on. They benefit from installations like revenue enhancement freedom when purchasing lands and easy entree to substructure and conveyance. DBM besides aim at socio-economic development and authorization of adult females but through fiscal installations. A micro-credit strategy programme has been set up for vulnerable groups to advance income-generating activities in Mauritius. Micro-entrepreneurs ( adult females ) benefit from loan installation of Rs 150 000 with a period of five old ages for refund, merely adult females willing to make a little endeavor like kindergarten, little trades, cultivation, fabrication, handcrafts or farm animal genteelness and are registe red under SMEs, NEF, AREU, SMEDA are eligible for this loan installation. The NEF besides plays an of import function in the edifice up of new enterprisers in Mauritius. With the entrepreneurship support programme, the NEF provide developing to unemployed adult females, assist them to construct up their concern, supply recognition installations and mentoring to steer adult females on the right path to success. Recognition installations are provided by DBM with the supporter loan strategy specially established for adult females willing to go an enterpriser. 2.5 Intervention of Ngos in micro-credit programme Ngos refer to non-governmental organisations. They play an of import function by supplying support to vulnerable groups to advance long-run solution, together with the authorities ( Rasheed and Chloe 1994:294 ) . They act as patrons in activities like support undertakings, loans and preparations where authorities financess are frequently deficient and besides assist to advance effectivity and efficiency of authorities policies ( Farrington, Lewis and Mc-Cormick: 1993:273 ) . Surveies conducted by universe bank ( 1998 ) show that Participation of Ngos were fruitful for many developing states ( Dutta 1999, Chowdhurry 2001 ) ; more than 8 million adult females had accessed to microcredit installations. Ngos have better capacities to cover with state of affairss where cognition of proper direction and coordination are needed ( Caplan 2001:273 ) . In Mauritius, The NEF is under the CSR ( societal corporate Duty ) where private sectors contribute in relief of poorness more than Rs 5 million of net income goes in undertakings for adult females empowerment and micro-enterprises. There are so many Ngo s in Mauritius lending to adult females empowerment through support in footings of finance, mentoring, preparations and reding. They are set up in signifiers of associations and cater for vulnerable adult females who face poorness. Trust fund is n Ngo which has been set up in 1999 to finance micro-projects and advance authorization in Mauritius. 2.6 Effectiveness of micro-credit There were extended arguments about adult females and poorness and the impact of micro recognition as a poorness relief tool. Many literatures have referred to the micro-credit strategy as the best alternate to cut down poorness and to authorise adult females ( Bernasek, 2003, Bhatt 2001, Khand Ker el al 1998, Leach and Sitaram, 2002: 1119 ) . Micro-credit is a system which gives entree to finance through loans and nest eggs for entrepreneurships. Surveies have shown that micro-credit has been utile to the hapless family due to low cost ( Miller, Morhnee, Stephens and Tazi 2006:3 ) .Another appraisal on the function of micro-credit strategies was conducted through a study in the South Asia together with Ngo s showed that these strategies have improved economic position of adult females in society through instruction and preparation to get professional accomplishments in entrepreneurship so that they become self-efficient and this has better their societal position in their family and improved consciousness ( Hashemi, Schuler and Riley 1996:1 ) . As an income-generating tool Micro-credit programmes include Income-generating schemes, increasing consciousness and authorising adult females. This aid to socio-economic development of the state through instruction, engagement in determination devising, bettering quality of wellness, sanitation and nutrition but most of import of all to relieve poorness through nutrient security, income, bettering literacy rates among adult females, therefore taking to societal inclusion of adult females in societal, economic and political activities ( Bernasek and al. 2003: 1119 ) . Halkias, Nwajiuba, Harkiolakis, Caracatsanis ( 2011 ) survey aiming the Challenges confronting adult females enterprisers in Nigeria with a sample of 62 females entrepreneurs a self-administered study showed that adult females showed more devotedness and attempt for their entrepreneurship compared to male enterprisers. Another consequence was that female enterprisers can professionally command their entrepreneurship and keep their family efficaciously. Micro-credit had besides an impact on nest eggs made each month to better criterion of life of their households ( Siringi 2011 ) . Kabeer ( 1998:38 ) found out that micro-credit is an chance for adult females to convey their ain part in footings of money. Policies should aim more societal and educational domains to promote adult females in the combat to relieve poorness. Besides ( Rogers and Youssef, 1988 ; Consultative Group to Help the Poor CGAP, 2004: 6 ) findings showed that a rise in adult females income has positive influence on instruction, and wellness of kids in the family. Authorization of adult females: During the Women conference of the United Nations, it has been declared that to hold stableness in footings of societal, economic, politic, civilization and environment, accomplishing gender equality and authorization are the indispensable keys. Empowerment refers to making chances so that person can develop their capacities Mawaya ( 1999:4 ) . Authorization of adult females is the third end of the Millennium Development Goals which aim to cut down poorness boulder clay 2015. It is done through instruction with literacy programmes. A study from Unifem declares that to accomplish adult females empowerment, entree to all basic resources is of import. Womans do non merely confront money jobs but besides societal 1s through exclusion instruction, political relations, and the universe of work. Empowerment implies doing adult females recognize their parts in all activities of society ( Muro: 1994 ) . Many writers find a nexus between recognition and authorization. It is a fact that micro-credit programme improved adult females state of affairs ( economic, societal, political, cultural ) and besides in footings of instruction ( preparations ) leting them to develop their accomplishments ( Johnson A ; Rogaky 1997:38 ) .Empowerment has two dimension one in footings of family, adult females tend be at place making housekeeping and taking attention of their household. With micro-credit programme they work and earn their ain money which improves their position and their function at place compared to their old function. They feel in a better place to use their ain determination ( Osmani 2007:696 ) A survey conducted in Nepal showed that more than 68 % which represent more than 89 000 adult females over 130 000 who were involve in authorization programme and experienced a alteration in their function at place and towards their ain community, they have become person who is respected for attempts and give Dons to make this mark of adult females with assurance and regard ( Ashe and Parrot 2001:8 ) . Micro-credit has unfastened new avenues for adult females in footings of instruction and development of accomplishments. Having entree to recognition is more secure for adult females and they are able to take attention of their household. Reports have shown that adult females are the 1 who spend more for the public assistance of their household ; in-depth interviews conducted in Rwanda with adult females profiting from micro-credit strategy have shown that more than 54 % of them are now able to pull off on their ain in their concern without work forces ( URWEGO 1994:4 ) . It besides helps to construct up their assurance and self-esteem. Assurance is portion of the purposes of authorization of adult females. It is the based to alter adult females perceptual experience on assorted patriarchal facets that exist in society and this besides enable them to develop accomplishments for the success of micro-credit. Micro-credit is a programme which train adult females to go professional concern adult females and to be able to command their ain concern. Microcredit programme have empowered adult females taking to a alteration adult females function, position and relationship at place and in society. In-depth interviews conducted in Rwanda showed that there was an addition of 69 % in assurance and self-pride of adult females ( Ashe A ; Parrot 1994:7 ) . Micro-credit programme has non merely increased income of hapless family but besides better position of adult females at place and in society. Through micro-credit adult females have become respectful towards work forces reaction and perceptual experiences and the manner society position adult females, this patriarchal society is diminishing with adult females emancipation in society. This programme besides leads to political authorization of adult females ; poverty relief does non merely imply proviso of basic demands and entree to recognition or even development of accomplishments. It is besides of import to be free in footings of picks, rights, and freedom and ability to voice out. Angaman and Alagaman ( 2001:78 ) survey on the impact of micro-credit shoed that adult females have become independent in footings of determinations non merely for their concern but besides for their household affairs. Inequality towards the hapless Micro finance was supposed to play a critical function in decrease of poorness. This scheme is seen as being excessively simple to cut down the job of poorness ( Endeley and Thompson 2005:8 ) . Explanations provided to warrant the failure of Micro-credit programme is that it failed to aim existent destitute groups, it can detect that non-poor are taking most advantages of this programme and hapless are going poorer, standards of choice are non appropriate and this causes maltreatments ( Copestake, Morduch, Dugger 2004:4 ) . Maltreatments are non merely from rich people but besides from male in families where adult females benefit from micro-credit strategies. They are cognizant of their married womans eligibility to entree micro-credit loans and utilize them for their ain concern holding nil to make with adult females entrepreneurship ( Goetz and Gupta 1995:41 ) . This raises the inquiry of gender equality which exists in society and work forces ever acquiring involved in female act ivities. Furthermore, the chief intent of micro- finance was supposed to supply recognition a installation in footings of loan to the marginalized group to assist them to bring forth income for their ain concern, the province has failed in its mission. ( Swain et alaˆÂ ¦ 2008:193 ) . It has instead created a barbarous rhythm of indebtness among adult females ; they get trapped and become dependant on the province and Bankss. The job is that they frequently failed to hold the degree of net income expected and have to work double to salvage for loan refund ( Copestake 2001:4 ) . A study published by concern hebdomad ( 2005:4 ) showed that involvement rates are higher and failure to refund loans means closing of their concern and immense debts to unclutter. Lack of part from other sectors It can be seen that intercession and part of private and public sectors are thin. There is a deficiency of uninterrupted aid to adult females enterprisers which makes the safety net really vulnerable as any misdirection and low profitableness can set the concern at hazard ( Neff 1996:4 ) . All these defects of micro-credit have raised a inquiry ; is micro-credit truly a tool to cut down poorness? Findingss from different studies showed that it truly reduced poorness in the universe but to some extent. Kandler ( 2005:4 ) found out that 31 % of adult females take parting in micro-credit plans have been out of their low poorness in Bangladesh. Another fact of micro-credit success is the addition and betterment of ingestion forms of hapless people together with the addition in income this has lead to economic development. Kah ( 2005:5 ) reject the positive consequences of micro-credit in the development states. After a survey in different states with different methods like interviews, st udies and ethnographic studies, Kay found out that it is a excessively optimistic premise to sort micro-credit as a tool to relieve poorness. Micro-credit programmes besides have short-comings which tend to be ignored. Antaitwe ( 2006 ) claimed that there programmes have failed to run into their purposes and aims. The ground provided was that the fact that people who deserve this service and aid were excluded from these programmes ( Hulme 2003 ) . Another short-coming of micro-credit is whether these programmes are accessible to highly hapless people. Reports from the United Nations ( UN ) showed that these programmes are unaccessible to highly hapless because of high involvement rates and deficiency of substructures and structural forms to better help destitute people so that they develop their accomplishments and go efficient in society. Lack of uninterrupted follow ups to adult females enterprisers Peredo and Chrisman ( 2006 ) focal point on the fact that web should be created to enable better sharing and besides installations in footings of resources and direction of endeavors including cost of resources, methods of distribution after production and how to value their merchandises. However this can barely be seen in developing states after preparation and fiscal aid, enterprisers are frequently left on their ain to command their concern, there is a deficiency of uninterrupted aid and guidance. Micro-credit programmes look to be planned for short-run footing merely because there are failures in administrative schemes and services offered. The deficiency of aid provided to clients is non followed and paper work and permission grants for new enterprisers take excessively much clip. There is besides the job of favouritism which has been observed, maltreaters form directors seeking for their ain involvement instead than involvement of clients this consequence to traveling against p recedences of these programmes and policies set up for their success. Micro-credit strategies for economic development alternatively of societal 1s The chief job with micro-credit shemes is that they deal with economic jobs than societal 1s. It is clear that poorness is the socio-economic job for most of the universe. The male laterality which exists in the most societies Acts of the Apostless like a barrier for adult females success. Work forces have control over everything in society, eve incomes earned by their married woman in their endeavor are used for other intents and adult females hardly have entree to it. All these deep-seated perceptual experience, values and imposts prevent adult females to protest because they fear to be harassed, beated up, humiliated by their hubby. To some extent micro-credit create tensenesss in families in most underdeveloped states. Work force garbage to accept adult females emancipation and acknowledge their capacities which are really indispensable for the success of micro-credit programmes ( World Bank 2006 ) . It seems that micro-credit programmes have been introduced merely to increase ec onomic activity and supply of labour through occupation creative activities ( Pitt and Khandler 1998 ) . Ideological perceptual experiences forestalling adult females success These deep ideological perceptual experiences which exist in many societies prevent success of micro-credit which failed to raise adult females out of poorness ( UNDP 1997 ) . Each state has their ain civilization which they follow really closely, this has an impact on development, because development agencies alterations which are societal, political, and economic and most of all cultural alterations which many developing condensation trails garbage to accept. Micro-credit programmes were supposed to increase income of hapless families but it failed because most of the money saved goes in loan refund and in instance of exigencies entree to money go a large issue ( Brett 2006 ) . The fact that adult females have low position and are seen as weak, nescient and low skilled in society they tend to take loans to travel further on the societal ladder of society ( Lucas 2001 ) . They are trapped to being dependent on their hubby and even more when they fail to refund their loan. This ideological image of adult females duty being at place to convey balance is a barrier to success, and though the attempt to accomplish gender equality in society it has failed. All authorities schemes for integrating of adult females in society have failed and have provoked misconceptions about adult females failure in micro-credit programmes and corroborating stereotype on adult females failing and incapacity ( Nesbitt 2006 ) . Authorization of adult females is non merely based on increasing their income and developing accomplishments but it is based on altering deep perceptual experiences. It is really hard to alter perceptual experiences people make on adult females ( Swain and Wallentin 2007:25 ) . 2.7 Decision Through the old paragraphs, descriptive inside informations of micro-credit impact have been given by different writers after analysis. It seems that micro-credit programmes have been really efficient in footings of income-generating, development of professional accomplishment to pull off ain concern, emancipation of adult females in the World. Womans have been empowered by these programmes through addition of assurance and assertiveness and independence. The importance of authorization to relieve poorness is pointed by many writers ; micro-credit additions their consciousness and do adult females more efficient in society. It has brought alterations in household income and criterion of life and a alteration in functions that adult females go enterprisers this imply giving clip to both their concern and their household which is really difficult and frequently end into struggles. Despite all positive impacts of micro-credit on adult females, there are besides short-comings. Micro-cred it encourage adult females to take loan to construct their ain concern and are besides trained for it but there is non adequate aid for wise mans to do certain these adult females are on the right path and to advocate them in instance of job to undertake within their concern. The job is when these concerns are unable to do adequate net income to refund their loan, there went to shortage and loses their concern, all their attempts, clip and forfeits made to accomplish this. This consequence to adult females going dependant on their hubby once more and work forces command them once more which means authorization has failed. Different diaries have shown how this patriarchal perceptual experience which exists in society prevents adult females to accomplish success. Micro-credit has possibly increase income but all this income goes in loan refund alternatively of bettering household life, in instance of failure to refund a barbarous rhythm of indebtness is created and causes more jobs in stead than bettering life criterion. New schemes could be used to alter perceptual experience of work forces about adult females and giving them freedom to command and take their ain determinations and pull off their finance.

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Journalists - Essay Example However, we can see that sometimes journalist are provided with instances which are unethical and distasteful. A journalism as a profession has ethics and standards and on that basis we can see that they have an obligation to protect the rights and morals of a society. The journalist being responsible for what they convey to the people they must be allowed not to cover a story they find unethical or distasteful. (Thesis) It is noticeable that most of the news content in the media is not suitable to all viewers and are malicious. Violence, abuse and vulgarity have become a common scene of news channels. As a journalist, people come across many kinds of situation in their professional life. But at times their morality and ethics would not allow them to cover such news. So they should be allowed not to cover such instances. This is about the freedom in work as the journalist must have right to work in his manner in his space. As a professional they completely understand what is instance s has the potentiality for news coverage. The journalist while doing his job also is doing a humanizing process. Journalist brings news from around the world to us. But sometimes Journalist may be forced to cover instances and events which go against the ethics like murdering situations, sexually exploiting instance and inhumane behaviors. The journalist might be unwilling to cover such situations but many be intimidated by the news channels to report it. Such conditions must not exist as it may be an invasion in to their professional conduct. A journalist can be comfortable if he is allowed to do his work in alliance with his ethical and moral perspective. They need to be given freedom to choose what they opt to cover or omit. Journalists are professional people and they have a code of ethics on which they work. Journalist is always under pressure from various sources which would make them work with much less freedom. News media is also a sort business and sometimes they are forced to cover matter which can be often unethical or distasteful to the journalist. The media channel may want to promote a particular even which may give benefits for them. A journalist should be fair and courageous in covering news and should be given choice to cover or not to cover a story. If they are allowed not to cover unethical and distasteful things then they feel content about their profession. The main issue here is every journalist has a mind of their own while they works on their story. The journalist understand the news converge makes a large impact on the audience and the society or may be world as a whole. The journalist needs to keep in consideration the emotional, ethical, religious and cultural value of people around the world. Sometimes their own religion or culture may prevent them from covering a certain event or happening. So the journalist should be allowed what he might prefer to cover. If he feels insecure and restricted the journalist might lose the creativity and interest in his work. The journalists can feel that they have no role in his job. Every story covered by a journalist is their freedom of expression. If one cannot express then one cannot be a good journalist. It is also essential to understand that unethical reports can damage the reputation of the journalist as well as the media. According to Grynko ( 2012,pg 259 -274)â€Å"As truth seekers and truth presenters, the journalists must be open and honest with their audiences†. Truthiness to the facts he is presenting and covering reports that are ethical and suitable to audience should be in the parameters of the job responsibility and obligation of journalists. The journalist shou

Evolution and Triumph of Roman Civilization Research Paper

Evolution and Triumph of Roman Civilization - Research Paper Example Initially, the Roman civilization had a leap from a monarchy to an aristocratic republic and later into a Roman empire. â€Å"During its twelve-century history, the Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy to an oligarchic republic to an immense empire† (â€Å"History of Rome†). This paper will mainly focus on the distinct religious, political, military, economic, language and artistic structures of Roman civilization, which were the main factors that acted as the effective pillars in building up an effective empire. While focusing on the religious structure of the Roman civilization, it emerges that it mainly resembled the Greek gods. The religious practices of the Romans can be divided into three main phases. The first phase of the religious structure encompassed the three main gods namely Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus collectively known as Archaic Triad. The intervention of Greek influence in the Roman religion ultimately led to the transformation from the Archaic wor ship to more Greek dominated Captioline Triad. In this way of worship, Mars and Quirinus were replaced by Minerva and Juno. Next came the third phase, during which there was gradual diminishing of the triad worship, which was further accentuated due to the emergence of Christianity with the birth of Jesus Christ. â€Å"The beginning of the third phase and the adoption of Christianity as the official religion of the Roman empire occurred in 312 BC, upon conversion of the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great† (â€Å"Roman religion†).Thus, it was from this Roman Empire, Christianity spread all throughout the world, and evolved through ages thereby becoming one of the prominent religions of the world. This part of the paper will discuss the political and military structures of Roman civilization. Initially, the Romans formed a government called ‘Republic’ where people elected the officials who governed the state, and they took care of the welfare of the voters. Furthermore, they framed their constitution popularly known as â€Å"The Constitution of Roman republic† which ensembled a complex set of unwritten laws and other traditions that depicted the political setup of ancient Romans. â€Å"Romans created their first legal code by formally writing down some of their laws, which collectively became known as the Law of the Twelve Tables† (â€Å"Rome influence Western civilization†). The essential political bodies of the Roman Republic included the highest-ranking officials called Consuls. Then the Senate which consisted of nearly three hundred men who had control over the foreign and other financial policies. Finally, the Assemblies, consisting of the Centuriate and the Tribal assembly, which performed numerous roles in the Roman Republic. The paramount feature of the Roman political structure was that women were excluded from the political activity and only men participated in the government and took over the welfare ac tivities. The other important aspect of the Roman civilization would be its military structure with the Roman legions being the key driving force behind the expansion of the Roman Empire. Well trained and disciplined military men known as the legionaries fought with both military and strategic advantage. They had sound organization capacity and the troops were well equipped with effective weapons which were quite advanced in those times. The other vital element to be discussed would be the economic structure of ancient Romans.

Journalists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Journalists - Essay Example However, we can see that sometimes journalist are provided with instances which are unethical and distasteful. A journalism as a profession has ethics and standards and on that basis we can see that they have an obligation to protect the rights and morals of a society. The journalist being responsible for what they convey to the people they must be allowed not to cover a story they find unethical or distasteful. (Thesis) It is noticeable that most of the news content in the media is not suitable to all viewers and are malicious. Violence, abuse and vulgarity have become a common scene of news channels. As a journalist, people come across many kinds of situation in their professional life. But at times their morality and ethics would not allow them to cover such news. So they should be allowed not to cover such instances. This is about the freedom in work as the journalist must have right to work in his manner in his space. As a professional they completely understand what is instance s has the potentiality for news coverage. The journalist while doing his job also is doing a humanizing process. Journalist brings news from around the world to us. But sometimes Journalist may be forced to cover instances and events which go against the ethics like murdering situations, sexually exploiting instance and inhumane behaviors. The journalist might be unwilling to cover such situations but many be intimidated by the news channels to report it. Such conditions must not exist as it may be an invasion in to their professional conduct. A journalist can be comfortable if he is allowed to do his work in alliance with his ethical and moral perspective. They need to be given freedom to choose what they opt to cover or omit. Journalists are professional people and they have a code of ethics on which they work. Journalist is always under pressure from various sources which would make them work with much less freedom. News media is also a sort business and sometimes they are forced to cover matter which can be often unethical or distasteful to the journalist. The media channel may want to promote a particular even which may give benefits for them. A journalist should be fair and courageous in covering news and should be given choice to cover or not to cover a story. If they are allowed not to cover unethical and distasteful things then they feel content about their profession. The main issue here is every journalist has a mind of their own while they works on their story. The journalist understand the news converge makes a large impact on the audience and the society or may be world as a whole. The journalist needs to keep in consideration the emotional, ethical, religious and cultural value of people around the world. Sometimes their own religion or culture may prevent them from covering a certain event or happening. So the journalist should be allowed what he might prefer to cover. If he feels insecure and restricted the journalist might lose the creativity and interest in his work. The journalists can feel that they have no role in his job. Every story covered by a journalist is their freedom of expression. If one cannot express then one cannot be a good journalist. It is also essential to understand that unethical reports can damage the reputation of the journalist as well as the media. According to Grynko ( 2012,pg 259 -274)â€Å"As truth seekers and truth presenters, the journalists must be open and honest with their audiences†. Truthiness to the facts he is presenting and covering reports that are ethical and suitable to audience should be in the parameters of the job responsibility and obligation of journalists. The journalist shou

Assess the extent to which the practice of people management has Essay

Assess the extent to which the practice of people management has changed in the switch from personnel management to human resource management - Essay Example This change in attitude of the management gave rise to the concept of human resource management (HRM) through which personnel policies were implemented to maximize organizational integrity, employee commitment, flexibility and quality. However, there have been debates whether HRM has actually changed the management of people as it evolved from personnel management to human resource management, or even whether the roles of the then personnel manager and that of an HR director differ. Personnel management was concerned with obtaining, organising and motivating the human resources required by the corporation, while HRM has been described as â€Å"high-concept personnel management† (Armstrong, 2000). Armstrong believes that policies and practices such as performance appraisal, skill analysis and merit pay have all existed even earlier but they are now packaged differently without any discernible differences in their content. The HRM theory laid emphasis on organizational integrity, employee commitment, flexibility and quality but it was more of a label to wrap around the observable changes. The HRM concept focused on challenging deficiencies in attitude, coherence, direction and scope of the existing personnel management This fad in the name of HRM was growing because in 1990 only 6 percent of the people management specialists used the HR title which grew to 30 percent by 1998 (Caldwell, 2002). This was called HRMism which was a phenomenon that encompassed a nything to do with managing the employment relationship. Alagse contends that personnel management was traditionally aimed at non-managers whereas HRM focused on management development. Some like Armstrong do not believe that there is change in the way people are managed. The ‘progressive’ people management techniques were flourishing even before the emergence of the HRM practices (cited by Caldwell, 2002). As the competitive environment increased, changes in

One of the Free

One of the Freedom Fighters; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Essay Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929. He was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. Kings efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his I Have a Dream speech. On October 14 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. In the next few years leading up to his death, he expanded his focus to include poverty and the Vietnam War. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and Congressional Gold Medal in 2004; Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. federal holiday in 1986. Hundreds of streets in the U.S. and beyond have been renamed in his honor. Here’s an excerpt from his famous speech â€Å"I have a dream†: I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.

Why did jammu and kashmir conflict start

Why did jammu and kashmir conflict start Since 1989 Jammu and Kashmir has been the most important issue in the Indias internal security scenario. Jammu and Kashmir was a major site of the extremely bloody 1947 war. The first few years saw a relative domination by terrorist group when the casualties were mainly civilians. Jammu and Kashmir which lies in the northwest of the subcontinent bordering china. At the time of partition -the British provinces divide two countries India and Pakistan the Hindu majority on the side of India and the Muslim majority on the side of Pakistan and j s k one such a rich pricey and nature rich state had a vesicular problem. Because its the state is in India at the time of partition means under Hindu majority but having Muslim population. In 1947 the population of Kashmir is 77% of Muslims and 20 % of Hindu. After the partition both the country claims that J and k is theirs country state but the result they had wars with each others many times over this region. In 1987 the alliance won and Faroo q Abdullah was the chief minister of the Kashmir. The relation between India and Pakistan is soured. They fought three times in 1947 to 1948, in 1965 and in 1971.so in this quarrel then United Nations invited. From the Indian side it instead that the no referendum could occur until all of the state had been cleared of irregulars. The Jammu and Kashmir are has been administrated by both India and Pakistan .The insurgency was first predominant in Srinagar when militants were largely Kashmirs youth. Muslims are majority in poonch, rajouri, kisth, and doda. And the Shia Muslims make for majority in kargil region. The definition of insurgency means is an armed rebellion against a authority (for ex- which recognised by the United Nations) those who taking part in this rebellion are not recognised by any nation. Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir existed in various forms. It includes, civilians, Kashmir are, Indian armed forced and foreign militants etc. Kashmir has been the target by all the sides in the conflict. After the elections of 1987 some of the state legislative assembly formed groups or militant wings and further more that has started a catalyst for the insurgency. And it was the starting point of the insurgency in j and k .According the press release there were 3,400 cases of disappearances. U.S intelligences also believes that the al-Qaeda and Taliban are helping to organizing terror camps in Kashmir to foment conflicts it has left more than 4.7000 people dead till 2009.and in the year of 2000 because of insurgencies 31,000 Indian civilians lost their lives .terror camps play a central role in this Insurgencies. The Pakistans inter services intelligence has been accused by India many times to supporting and training terrorists. Like between India and Pakistan. The government believes that the terrorists groups from Afghanistan entered in to this region with the help of isi (Pakistans intelligence).since then the violence has increased significantly in stre ngth. Some parties which are present in the j and k are demanding for an independent Kashmir these parties names are hurriyat conference and Jammu and Kashmir liberation front. Other militant groups favour as a Pakistani Kashmir. It is hard to determine the total numbers of casualties. Because in Jammu and Kashmir it is very common after the partition. Kashmir continuous to remain at the highest volatile region in the world with a highest average of 2,500 every year. Every individual has his or her own ideology so some fight in the name of the religion and some are for independent Kashmir. Several new groups and organisation have also emerged. India claims that the there are also other afghan, Egyptian and Bangladeshi terror active in Jammu and Kashmir. And Is I is the main suppliers of funds and support these groups. But the Pakistani government always denied these type of statements to India. Richer Bennett, a British intelligence analyst that the isi helped these militant groups and has many of their attacks both within the Kashmir and the other major big cities of India. There are between 2,600 to 3,600 militant camps across Pakistan and Pakistan administrated Kashmir. The FBI has also produced images of camps which are located in pok. India claims that the every year thousand of armed and terrorists cross the loc and enter into the Indias administrated Kashmir and spread the terror. During a piece summit between Pakistans former president pervej Mushrraf and Indias former president Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Jan 2004.pakistan assured that they would do everything possible to curb the activities any training camps on its territory. But the violence has continued despite three year long peace process between India and Pakistan. In 2005 there were 166 incidents in the result 201 people are died. So all the problem faced by both the country people. Islamabad has done little to stop the training camps on its soil it was the statement by p. mussaraf the former pri me minister of Pakistan the statement was a truly fake or false statement. Covered by the media. However India claims that the Islamabad supports these terror groups. Thousand of pandits move from Kashmir because of terror. Not much about these groups some says that they collaborate and they are the members of an alliance known as united jihad council. the two groups which India says they were behind the attack in parliament in New Delhi .they are known as jaish -e-Mohammed and lashkar -e- toiba. They are in the favour of Pakistans Kashmir. They are believed to be the members of u g c. In a letter to American people written by Osama bin laden he stated the reasons that why he was fighting against America is because of her support to India on the Kashmir issue. The u .s secretary of defence on a trip to New Delhi in 2002 suggested that al-Qaeda was active in Kashmir. India says that the it was jaish e Mohammed who hijacked the Indian airline flight I c 814 to Kandahar and to force th e Indian government to release the commander of Jaish e Mohammed named Maulana Masood azhar and also attacked the assembly of Kashmir in 2001. All the support or you can say the arms given to them by Pakistan military or i s i. Between august 1988 and at the end of 1989 JKLF was the only terrorist group present in insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir. Later the I s I promot them. The main work of I s I is to give arms to the militants and help them to shifted them to Indians administrated Kashmir. Because of terrorism the state, tourism has been badly affected. Insurgency is the most threatening attempt by Pakistan. It has used to seize the state. Pakistan knows that it this phase of insurgency does not flair up into an open war. The situation came closer in june1999 in the Kargil region when Pakistans army regulars were detected holding positions in peaks of loc. India frequently warned many a times to Pakistan that finish that terrorists camps but Pakistan government always indulged th e statements that their country is peaceful and no terror activities involved by their country. Some of Pakistans Organistaions report that Indian armed forces have been responsible for the death of 4,500 Kashmiri. So Pakistan have also point out India many time In the year of 1990 to 1999 there are 4,242 cases of rape of womens in Kashmir. Another reason of dispute over Kashmir is water. Jehlum and Chenab which flows in Pakistan and the three river ravi , Sutlej and beas irrigate in northern India. In 1960 the Indus water treaty signed to resolved the most of dispute over the sharing of water. But the Pakistan raised the issue when India constructed the dams on its side and which limit water to Pakistans side. How to control the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir? There is a possibility of changing everything for the good. Religious terrorism is a major part of today. Both the countries should take steps for remove the terrorists parties from their country specially for Pakistan. Pakistan needs to destroys all the camps of terrorists. Because it is the time to finish the issue not to make the issue. So, it is our responsibility to stop the terrorist attacks and to fight with terrorists. .We had already soft on the terror. There are only four or five countries which fight like a child war for states. We have done nothing except kill our men and people of the other countries. Both the countries India and Pakistan have same religions , currency and etc so we are the two faces of one coin. Respect the other religions. I DREAM THAT THE INDIA WE LEAVE BEHIND WILL BE MUCH MORE WONDERFUL THAN THE INDIA WE INHERITED. I SINCERELY HOPE YOU SHARE MY DREAM.THANK YOU

The Daily Life of Ancient Greeks :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Daily Life of Ancient Greeks Life in Greece in ancient times would remind you of your own life in many ways. There was school, family, athletic competition, and social gatherings. Knowing that participants in their sporting events competed nude or that you rarely knew your husband/wife until the wedding day does however, make you grateful for the society that you live in today. Â   Babies Life for the Greeks in Athens began in their home. Babies were delivered by the women of the family, and only in cases of serious complications was a mid-wife called. Large families were not desired by Athenians since the inheritance was to be divided up equally among sons and daughters requiring dowries. So, unwanted children were not uncommon. Killing the babies was illegal, but a new-born could be exposed to die. These unwanted babies were left outside in a clay pot either to be claimed by a childless woman or rescued and brought up as a slave (Connolly, 32). Slaves were common in ancient times, if a family was reasonably well off they usually had two or three slaves. Slaves would take on the tasks of motherhood, some would even breast feed the babies. The slaves also worked the fields and helped the mother with other household duties, such as making clothes (The Study of Women, online). Â   Education Boys would begin school at age seven. They were also given a paidagogos, a slave that accompanied them everywhere. The paidagogos taught the boy manners, punished him when he did wrong, and even sat through classes with the boy to make sure he did his work. School went from half an hour after daybreak to half an hour before the sun set. Physical education was a big part of a boys education (Connolly, 34). When boys were 18, they no longer went to school; instead they began their 2 year military training. Young girls did not go to school. Middle and upper class girls leaned to read and write from a female tutor at home (Connolly, 35). Girls generally stayed at home until they were married, which was around the age of 15 (Ancient Civilizations, online). They helped their mother in the house and worked in the fields when they were needed (Exploring Ancient, online). Â   Marriage Marriages were arranged. Because girls lived such sheltered lives, they usually had never even met the men their fathers agreed for them to marry. Men were mostly in their twenties when they got married, the girls were usually 15.

Using Language Interpreters in Counseling Essay -- Communication, Lang

In counseling language is the main therapeutic tool used by clinicians. In order to correctly diagnose and treat a client the client needs to be able to communicate what they are feeling and what symptoms they are experiencing. Clients whose second language is English may require an interpreter because many social workers or counselors only speak English. Many of the populations that social workers or counselors work with in therapy, are either not fluent in English or do not speak English and therefore require the use of an interpreter. The use of an interpreter in counseling can be seen as either an advantage or disadvantage depending on the quality of the interpreter and which type of interpretation model is used (Freed, 1988). This paper will look at the use of an interpreter in counseling and what interpretation model is the most effective. The theoretical approach used to research the use of interpreters in counseling was a culturally grounded approach. According to Marsiglia and Kulis (2009) a culturally grounded approach embraces diversity and multiculturalism and also promotes a change that improves an individual or a group’s quality of life (p. 102-103). Farooq and Fear (2003) state that counseling is a social service that has been shown to need a culturally competent staff and the use of a culturally competent staff improves the quality of service the client receives. Social services are not always culturally competent (Marsiglia & Kulis, 2009). A culturally grounded approach in the research of the use of interpreters in counseling looks at how interpreters improve counseling service provided to clients who either speak English as a second language or do not speak English. The use of a culturally grounded a... .... (2003). Working through interpreters. Journal of Professional Development, 9(2), 104-109. doi:10.1192/apt.01.12 Freed, A. O. (1988). Interviewing through an interpreter. Social Work, 33(4), 315-319. Retrieved from EBSCOhost Marsiglia, F. F., & Kulis, S. (2009). Social work perspectives: Social context, consciousness and resiliency. In T. M. Meenaghan & I. C. Colby (Eds.), Culturally grounded social work diversity, oppression, and change (87-111). Chicago, Illinois: Lyceum Books, Inc. Westermeyer, J. (1990). Working with an interpreter in psychiatric assessment and treatment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178(12), (745-749). doi:10.109700005053-199012000-00003 Whitsett, M. (2008). Tips for mental health interpretation. Center for Health and Health Care in Schools [On-line]. Available: http://eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED509813.pdf; accessed 10/02/2011.